Python 官方文档:入门教程 => 点击学习
文章目录 01-Hello World02-print 函数03-基本运算04-input05-输入输出基础练习06-字符串使用基础07-列表基础08-元组基础09-字典基础10-基本判断11
python 的语法逻辑完全靠缩进,建议缩进 4 个空格。 如果是顶级代码,那么必须顶格书写,哪怕只有一个空格也会有语法错误。 下面示例中,满足 if 条件要输出两行内容,这两行内容必须都缩进,而且具有相同的缩进级别。
print('hello world!')if 3 > 0: print('OK') print('yes')x = 3; y = 4 # 不推荐,还是应该写成两行print(x + y)
print('hello world!')print('hello', 'world!') # 逗号自动添加默认的分隔符:空格 hello world!print('hello' + 'world!') # 加号表示字符拼接 helloworld!print('hello', 'world', sep='***') # 单词间用***分隔 hello***worldprint('#' * 50) # *号表示重复 50 遍print('how are you?', end='') # 默认 print 会打印回车,end=''表示不要回车
print(5 / 2) # 2.5print(5 // 2) # 丢弃余数,只保留商print(5 % 2) # 求余数print(5 ** 3) # 5 的 3 次方print(5 > 3) # 返回 Trueprint(3 > 5) # 返回 Falseprint(20 > 10 > 5) # Python 支持连续比较print(20 > 10 and 10 > 5) # 与上面相同含义print(not 20 > 10) # False
number = input("请输入数字:") # input 用于获取键盘输入print(number)print(type(number)) # input 获得的数据是字符型print(number + 10) # 报错,不能把字符和数字做运算print(int(number) + 10) # int 可将字符串 10 转换成数字 10print(number + str(10)) # str 将 10 转换为字符串后实现字符串拼接
username = input('username: ')print('welcome', username) # print 各项间默认以空格作为分隔符print('welcome ' + username) # 注意引号内最后的空格
python 中,单双引号没有区别,表示一样的含义
sentence = 'tom\'s pet is a cat' # 单引号中间还有单引号,可以转义sentence2 = "tom's pet is a cat" # 也可以用双引号包含单引号sentence3 = "tom said:\"hello world!\""sentence4 = 'tom said:"hello world"'# 三个连续的单引号或双引号,可以保存输入格式,允许输入多行字符串Words = """helloworldabcd"""print(words)py_str = 'python'len(py_str) # 取长度py_str[0] # 第一个字符'python'[0]py_str[-1] # 最后一个字符# py_str[6] # 错误,下标超出范围py_str[2:4] # 切片,起始下标包含,结束下标不包含py_str[2:] # 从下标为 2 的字符取到结尾py_str[:2] # 从开头取到下标是 2 之前的字符py_str[:] # 取全部py_str[::2] # 步长值为 2,默认是 1py_str[1::2] # 取出 yhnpy_str[::-1] # 步长为负,表示自右向左取py_str + ' is Good' # 简单的拼接到一起py_str * 3 # 把字符串重复 3 遍't' in py_str # True'th' in py_str # True'to' in py_str # False'to' not in py_str # True
列表也是序列对象,但它是容器类型,列表中可以包含各种数据
alist = [10, 20, 30, 'bob', 'alice', [1,2,3]]len(alist)alist[-1] # 取出最后一项alist[-1][-1] # 因为最后一项是列表,列表还可以继续取下标[1,2,3][-1] # [1,2,3] 是列表,[-1] 表示列表最后一项alist[-2][2] # 列表倒数第 2 项是字符串,再取出字符下标为 2 的字符alist[3:5] # ['bob', 'alice']10 in alist # True'o' in alist # False100 not in alist # Truealist[-1] = 100 # 修改最后一项的值alist.append(200) # 向**列表中追加一项
元组与列表基本上是一样的,只是元组不可变,列表可变。
atuple = (10, 20, 30, 'bob', 'alice', [1,2,3])len(atuple)10 in atupleatuple[2]atuple[3:5]# atuple[-1] = 100 # 错误,元组是不可变的
# 字典是 key-value(键-值)对形式的,没有顺序,通过键取出值 adict = {'name': 'bob', 'age': 23} len(adict) 'bob' in adict # False 'name' in adict # True adict['email'] = 'bob@tedu.cn' # 字典中没有 key,则添加新项目 adict['age'] = 25 # 字典中已有 key,修改对应的 value
单个的数据也可作为判断条件。 任何值为 0 的数字、空对象都是 False,任何非 0 数字、非空对象都是 True。
if 3 > 0: print('yes') print('ok')if 10 in [10, 20, 30]: print('ok')if -0.0: print('yes') # 任何值为 0 的数字都是 Falseif [1, 2]: print('yes') # 非空对象都是 Trueif ' ': print('yes') # 空格字符也是字符,条件为 True
a = 10b = 20if a < b: smaller = aelse: smaller = bprint(smaller)s = a if a < b else b # 和上面的 if-else 语句等价print(s)
import getpass # 导入模块username = input('username: ')# getpass 模块中,有一个方法也叫 getpasspassword = getpass.getpass('password: ')if username == 'bob' and password == '123456': print('Login successful')else: print('Login incorrect')
import randomnum = random.randint(1, 10) # 随机生成 1-10 之间的数字answer = int(input('guess a number: ')) # 将用户输入的字符转成整数if answer > num: print('猜大了')elif answer < num: print('猜小了')else: print('猜对了')print('the number:', num)
score = int(input('分数:'))if score >= 90: print('优秀')elif score >= 80: print('好')elif score >= 70: print('良')elif score >= 60: print('及格')else: print('你要努力了')
score = int(input('分数:'))if score >= 60 and score < 70: print('及格')elif 70 <= score < 80: print('良')elif 80 <= score < 90: print('好')elif score >= 90: print('优秀')else: print('你要努力了')
import randomall_choices = ['石头', '剪刀', '布']computer = random.choice(all_choices)player = input('请出拳:')# print('Your choice:', player, "Computer's choice:", computer)print("Your choice: %s, Computer's choice: %s" % (player, computer))if player == '石头': if computer == '石头': print('平局') elif computer == '剪刀': print('You WIN!!!') else: print('You LOSE!!!')elif player == '剪刀': if computer == '石头': print('You LOSE!!!') elif computer == '剪刀': print('平局') else: print('You WIN!!!')else: if computer == '石头': print('You WIN!!!') elif computer == '剪刀': print('You LOSE!!!') else: print('平局')
import randomall_choices = ['石头', '剪刀', '布']win_list = [['石头', '剪刀'], ['剪刀', '布'], ['布', '石头']]prompt = """(0) 石头(1) 剪刀(2) 布请选择 (0/1/2): """computer = random.choice(all_choices)ind = int(input(prompt))player = all_choices[ind]print("Your choice: %s, Computer's choice: %s" % (player, computer))if player == computer: print('\033[32;1m 平局、033[0m')elif [player, computer] in win_list: print('\033[31;1mYou WIN!!!\033[0m')else: print('\033[31;1mYou LOSE!!!\033[0m')
import randomnum = random.randint(1, 10)running = Truewhile running: answer = int(input('guess the number: ')) if answer > num: print('猜大了') elif answer < num: print('猜小了') else: print('猜对了') running = False
import randomnum = random.randint(1, 10)counter = 0while counter < 5: answer = int(input('guess the number: ')) if answer > num: print('猜大了') elif answer < num: print('猜小了') else: print('猜对了') break counter += 1else: # 循环被 break 就不执行了,没有被 break 才执行 print('the number is:', num)
因为循环次数是已知的,实际使用时,建议用 for 循环
sum100 = 0counter = 1while counter < 101: sum100 += counter counter += 1print(sum100)
break 是结束循环,break 之后、循环体内代码不再执行。
while True: yn = input('Continue(y/n): ') if yn in ['n', 'N']: break print('running...')
计算 100 以内偶数之和。
continue 是跳过本次循环剩余部分,回到循环条件处。
sum100 = 0counter = 0while counter < 100: counter += 1 # if counter % 2: if counter % 2 == 1: continue sum100 += counterprint(sum100)
astr = 'hello'alist = [10, 20, 30]atuple = ('bob', 'tom', 'alice')adict = {'name': 'john', 'age': 23}for ch in astr: print(ch)for i in alist: print(i)for name in atuple: print(name)for key in adict: print('%s: %s' % (key, adict[key]))
# range(10) # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]# >>> list(range(10))# range(6, 11) # [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]# range(1, 10, 2) # [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]# range(10, 0, -1) # [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]sum100 = 0for i in range(1, 101): sum100 += iprint(sum100)
列表中先给定两个数字,后面的数字总是前两个数字之和。
fib = [0, 1]for i in range(8): fib.append(fib[-1] + fib[-2])print(fib)
for i in range(1, 10): for j in range(1, i + 1): print('%s*%s=%s' % (j, i, i * j), end=' ') print()# i=1 ->j: [1]# i=2 ->j: [1,2]# i=3 ->j: [1,2,3]# 由用户指定相乘到多少n = int(input('number: '))for i in range(1, n + 1): for j in range(1, i + 1): print('%s*%s=%s' % (j, i, i * j), end=' ') print()
# 10+5 的结果放到列表中[10 + 5]# 10+5 这个表达式计算 10 次[10 + 5 for i in range(10)]# 10+i 的 i 来自于循环[10 + i for i in range(10)][10 + i for i in range(1, 11)]# 通过 if 过滤,满足 if 条件的才参与 10+i 的运算[10 + i for i in range(1, 11) if i % 2 == 1][10 + i for i in range(1, 11) if i % 2]# 生成 IP 地址列表['192.168.1.%s' % i for i in range(1, 255)]
import randomall_choices = ['石头', '剪刀', '布']win_list = [['石头', '剪刀'], ['剪刀', '布'], ['布', '石头']]prompt = """(0) 石头(1) 剪刀(2) 布请选择 (0/1/2): """cwin = 0pwin = 0while cwin < 2 and pwin < 2: computer = random.choice(all_choices) ind = int(input(prompt)) player = all_choices[ind] print("Your choice: %s, Computer's choice: %s" % (player, computer)) if player == computer: print('\033[32;1m 平局、033[0m') elif [player, computer] in win_list: pwin += 1 print('\033[31;1mYou WIN!!!\033[0m') else: cwin += 1 print('\033[31;1mYou LOSE!!!\033[0m')
# 文件操作的三个步骤:打开、读写、关闭# cp /etc/passwd /tmpf = open('/tmp/passwd') # 默认以 r 的方式打开纯文本文件data = f.read() # read() 把所有内容读取出来print(data)data = f.read() # 随着读写的进行,文件指针向后移动。# 因为第一个 f.read() 已经把文件指针移动到结尾了,所以再读就没有数据了# 所以 data 是空字符串f.close()f = open('/tmp/passwd')data = f.read(4) # 读 4 字节f.readline() # 读到换行符、n 结束f.readlines() # 把每一行数据读出来放到列表中f.close()################################f = open('/tmp/passwd')for line in f: print(line, end='')f.close()##############################f = open('图片地址', 'rb') # 打开非文本文件要加参数 bf.read(4096)f.close()##################################f = open('/tmp/myfile', 'w') # 'w'打开文件,如果文件不存在则创建f.write('hello world!\n')f.flush() # 立即将缓存中的数据同步到磁盘f.writelines(['2nd line.\n', 'new line.\n'])f.close() # 关闭文件的时候,数据保存到磁盘##############################with open('/tmp/passwd') as f: print(f.readline())#########################f = open('/tmp/passwd')f.tell() # 查看文件指针的位置f.readline()f.tell()f.seek(0, 0) # 第一个数字是偏移量,第 2 位是数字是相对位置。 # 相对位置 0 表示开头,1 表示当前,2 表示结尾f.tell()f.close()
拷贝文件就是以 r 的方式打开源文件,以 w 的方式打开目标文件,将源文件数据读出后,写到目标文件。
以下是【不推荐】的方式,但是可以工作:
f1 = open('/bin/ls', 'rb')f2 = open('/root/ls', 'wb')data = f1.read()f2.write(data)f1.close()f2.close()
每次读取 4K,读完为止:
src_fname = '/bin/ls'dst_fname = '/root/ls'src_fobj = open(src_fname, 'rb')dst_fobj = open(dst_fname, 'wb')while True: data = src_fobj.read(4096) # 每次读取 4K if not data: break dst_fobj.write(data)src_fobj.close()dst_fobj.close()
注意:位置参数中的数字是字符形式的
import sysprint(sys.argv) # sys.argv 是 sys 模块里的 argv 列表# python3 position_args.py# python3 position_args.py 10# python3 position_args.py 10 bob
def gen_fib(l): fib = [0, 1] for i in range(l - len(fib)): fib.append(fib[-1] + fib[-2]) return fib # 返回列表,不返回变量 fiba = gen_fib(10)print(a)print('-' * 50)n = int(input("length: "))print(gen_fib(n)) # 不会把变量 n 传入,是把 n 代表的值赋值给形参
import sysdef copy(src_fname, dst_fname): src_fobj = open(src_fname, 'rb') dst_fobj = open(dst_fname, 'wb') while True: data = src_fobj.read(4096) if not data: break dst_fobj.write(data) src_fobj.close() dst_fobj.close()copy(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2])# 执行方式# cp_func.py /etc/hosts /tmp/zhuji.txt
def mtable(n): for i in range(1, n + 1): for j in range(1, i + 1): print('%s*%s=%s' % (j, i, i * j), end=' ') print()mtable(6)mtable(9)
每一个以 py 作为扩展名的文件都是一个模块。
hi = 'hello world!'def pstar(n=50): print('*' * n)if __name__ == '__main__': pstar() pstar(30)
import starprint(star.hi)star.pstar()star.pstar(30)
此文件名为:randpass.py
思路:
1、设置一个用于随机取出字符的基础字符串,本例使用大小写字母加数字
2、循环 n 次,每次随机取出一个字符
3、将各个字符拼接起来,保存到变量 result 中
from random import choiceimport stringall_chs = string.ascii_letters + string.digits # 大小写字母加数字def gen_pass(n=8): result = '' for i in range(n): ch = choice(all_chs) result += ch return resultif __name__ == '__main__': print(gen_pass()) print(gen_pass(4)) print(gen_pass(10))
from random import randintalist = list() # []list('hello') # ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']list((10, 20, 30)) # [10, 20, 30] 元组转列表astr = str() # ''str(10) # '10'str(['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']) # 将列表转成字符串atuple = tuple() # ()tuple('hello') # ('h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o')num_list = [randint(1, 100) for i in range(10)]max(num_list)min(num_list)
alist = [10, 'john']# list(enumerate(alist)) # [(0, 10), (1, 'john')]# a, b = 0, 10 # a->0 ->10for ind in range(len(alist)): print('%s: %s' % (ind, alist[ind]))for item in enumerate(alist): print('%s: %s' % (item[0], item[1]))for ind, val in enumerate(alist): print('%s: %s' % (ind, val))atuple = (96, 97, 40, 75, 58, 34, 69, 29, 66, 90)sorted(atuple)sorted('hello')for i in reversed(atuple): print(i, end=',')
py_str = 'hello world!'py_str.capitalize()py_str.title()py_str.center(50)py_str.center(50, '#')py_str.ljust(50, '*')py_str.rjust(50, '*')py_str.count('l') # 统计 l 出现的次数py_str.count('lo')py_str.endswith('!') # 以!结尾吗?py_str.endswith('d!')py_str.startswith('a') # 以 a 开头吗?py_str.islower() # 字母都是小写的?其他字符不考虑py_str.isupper() # 字母都是大写的?其他字符不考虑'Hao123'.isdigit() # 所有字符都是数字吗?'Hao123'.isalnum() # 所有字符都是字母数字?' hello\t '.strip() # 去除两端空白字符,常用' hello\t '.lstrip()' hello\t '.rstrip()'how are you?'.split()'hello.tar.gz'.split('.')'.'.join(['hello', 'tar', 'gz'])'-'.join(['hello', 'tar', 'gz'])
"%s is %s years old" % ('bob', 23) # 常用"%s is %d years old" % ('bob', 23) # 常用"%s is %d years old" % ('bob', 23.5) # %d 是整数 常用"%s is %f years old" % ('bob', 23.5)"%s is %5.2f years old" % ('bob', 23.5) # %5.2f 是宽度为 5,2 位小数"97 is %c" % 97"11 is %#o" % 11 # %#o 表示有前缀的 8 进制"11 is %#x" % 11"%10s%5s" % ('name', 'age') # %10s 表示总宽度为 10,右对齐,常用"%10s%5s" % ('bob', 25)"%10s%5s" % ('alice', 23)"%-10s%-5s" % ('name', 'age') # %-10s 表示左对齐,常用"%-10s%-5s" % ('bob', 25)"%10d" % 123"%010d" % 123"{} is {} years old".fORMat('bob', 25)"{1} is {0} years old".format(25, 'bob')"{:<10}{:<8}".format('name', 'age')
import shutilwith open('/etc/passwd', 'rb') as sfobj: with open('/tmp/mima.txt', 'wb') as dfobj: shutil.copyfileobj(sfobj, dfobj) # 拷贝文件对象shutil.copyfile('/etc/passwd', '/tmp/mima2.txt')shutil.copy('/etc/shadow', '/tmp/') # cp /etc/shadow /tmp/shutil.copy2('/etc/shadow', '/tmp/') # cp -p /etc/shadow /tmp/shutil.move('/tmp/mima.txt', '/var/tmp/') # mv /tmp/mima.txt /var/tmp/shutil.copytree('/etc/security', '/tmp/anquan') # cp -r /etc/security /tmp/anquanshutil.rmtree('/tmp/anquan') # rm -rf /tmp/anquan# 将 mima2.txt 的权限设置成与/etc/shadow 一样shutil.copymode('/etc/shadow', '/tmp/mima2.txt')# 将 mima2.txt 的元数据设置成与/etc/shadow 一样# 元数据使用 stat /etc/shadow 查看shutil.copystat('/etc/shadow', '/tmp/mima2.txt')shutil.chown('/tmp/mima2.txt', user='zhangsan', group='zhangsan')
import osdef get_fname(): while True: fname = input('filename: ') if not os.path.exists(fname): break print('%s already exists. Try again' % fname) return fnamedef get_content(): content = [] print('输入数据,输入 end 结束') while True: line = input('> ') if line == 'end': break content.append(line) return contentdef wfile(fname, content): with open(fname, 'w') as fobj: fobj.writelines(content)if __name__ == '__main__': fname = get_fname() content = get_content() content = ['%s\n' % line for line in content] wfile(fname, content)
alist = [1, 2, 3, 'bob', 'alice']alist[0] = 10alist[1:3] = [20, 30]alist[2:2] = [22, 24, 26, 28]alist.append(100)alist.remove(24) # 删除第一个 24alist.index('bob') # 返回下标blist = alist.copy() # 相当于 blist = alist[:]alist.insert(1, 15) # 向下标为 1 的位置插入数字 15alist.pop() # 默认弹出最后一项alist.pop(2) # 弹出下标为 2 的项目alist.pop(alist.index('bob'))alist.sort()alist.reverse()alist.count(20) # 统计 20 在列表中出现的次数alist.clear() # 清空alist.append('new')alist.extend('new')alist.extend(['hello', 'world', 'hehe'])
import sysimport keywordimport stringfirst_chs = string.ascii_letters + '_'all_chs = first_chs + string.digitsdef check_id(idt): if keyword.iskeyword(idt): return "%s is keyword" % idt if idt[0] not in first_chs: return "1st invalid" for ind, ch in enumerate(idt[1:]): if ch not in all_chs: return "char in postion #%s invalid" % (ind + 2) return "%s is valid" % idtif __name__ == '__main__': print(check_id(sys.argv[1])) # python3 checkid.py abc@123
randpass 模块参见《37-生成密码/验证码》
import subprocessimport sysfrom randpass import gen_passdef adduser(username, password, fname): data = """user information:%s: %s""" subprocess.call('useradd %s' % username, shell=True) subprocess.call( 'echo %s | passwd --stdin %s' % (password, username), shell=True ) with open(fname, 'a') as fobj: fobj.write(data % (username, password))if __name__ == '__main__': username = sys.argv[1] password = gen_pass() adduser(username, password, '/tmp/user.txt')# python3 adduser.py john
stack = []def push_it(): item = input('item to push: ') stack.append(item)def pop_it(): if stack: print("from stack popped %s" % stack.pop())def view_it(): print(stack)def show_menu(): cmds = {'0': push_it, '1': pop_it, '2': view_it} # 将函数存入字典 prompt = """(0) push it(1) pop it(2) view it(3) exitPlease input your choice(0/1/2/3): """ while True: # input() 得到字符串,用 strip() 去除两端空白,再取下标为 0 的字符 choice = input(prompt).strip()[0] if choice not in '0123': print('Invalid input. Try again.') continue if choice == '3': break cmds[choice]() if __name__ == '__main__': show_menu()
import sysdef unix2dos(fname): dst_fname = fname + '.txt' with open(fname) as src_fobj: with open(dst_fname, 'w') as dst_fobj: for line in src_fobj: line = line.rstrip() + '\r\n' dst_fobj.write(line)if __name__ == '__main__': unix2dos(sys.argv[1])
\r 是回车不换行
import timelength = 19count = 0while True: print('\r%s@%s' % ('#' * count, '#' * (length - count)), end='') try: time.sleep(0.3) except KeyboardInterrupt: print('\nBye-bye') break if count == length: count = 0 count += 1
adict = dict() # {}dict(['ab', 'cd'])bdict = dict([('name', 'bob'),('age', 25)]){}.fromkeys(['zhangsan', 'lisi', 'wangwu'], 11)for key in bdict: print('%s: %s' % (key, bdict[key]))print("%(name)s: %(age)s" % bdict)bdict['name'] = 'tom'bdict['email'] = 'tom@tedu.cn'del bdict['email']bdict.pop('age')bdict.clear()
adict = dict([('name', 'bob'),('age', 25)])len(adict)hash(10) # 判断给定的数据是不是不可变的,不可变数据才能作为 keyadict.keys()adict.values()adict.items()# get 方法常用,重要adict.get('name') # 取出字典中 name 对应的 value,如果没有返回 Noneprint(adict.get('qq')) # Noneprint(adict.get('qq', 'not found')) # 没有 qq,返回指定内容print(adict.get('age', 'not found'))adict.update({'phone': '13455667788'})
# 集合相当于是无值的字典,所以也用{}表示myset = set('hello')len(myset)for ch in myset: print(ch)aset = set('abc')bset = set('cde')aset & bset # 交集aset.intersection(bset) # 交集aset | bset # 并集aset.uNIOn(bset) # 并集aset - bset # 差补aset.difference(bset) # 差补aset.add('new')aset.update(['aaa', 'bbb'])aset.remove('bbb')cset = set('abcde')dset = set('bcd')cset.issuperset(dset) # cset 是 dset 的超集么?cset.issubset(dset) # cset 是 dset 的子集么?
# cp /etc/passwd .# cp /etc/passwd mima# vim mima -> 修改,与 passwd 有些区别with open('passwd') as fobj: aset = set(fobj)with open('mima') as fobj: bset = set(fobj)with open('diff.txt', 'w') as fobj: fobj.writelines(bset - aset)
import getpassuserdb = {}def reGISter(): username = input('username: ') if username in userdb: print('%s already exists.' % username) else: password = input('password: ') userdb[username] = passworddef login(): username = input('username: ') password = getpass.getpass("password: ") if userdb.get(username) != password: print('login failed') else: print('login successful')def show_menu(): cmds = {'0': register, '1': login} prompt = """(0) register(1) login(2) exitPlease input your choice(0/1/2): """while True: choice = input(prompt).strip()[0] if choice not in '012': print('Invalid inupt. Try again.') continue if choice == '2': break cmds[choice]() if __name__ == '__main__': show_menu()
import timeresult = 0start = time.time() # 返回运算前时间戳for i in range(10000000): result += iend = time.time() # 返回运算后时间戳print(result)print(end - start)
import timet = time.localtime() # 返回当前时间的九元组time.gmtime() # 返回格林威治 0 时区当前时间的九元组time.time() # 常用,与 1970-1-1 8:00 之间的秒数,时间戳time.mktime(t) # 把九元组时间转成时间戳time.sleep(1)time.asctime() # 如果有参数,是九元组形式time.ctime() # 返回当前时间,参数是时间戳,常用time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") # 常用time.strptime('2018-07-20', "%Y-%m-%d") # 返回九元组时间格式time.strftime('%H:%M:%S')###########################################from datetime import datetimefrom datetime import timedeltadatetime.today() # 返回当前时间的 datetime 对象datetime.now() # 同上,可以用时区作参数datetime.strptime('2018/06/30', '%Y/%m/%d') # 返回 datetime 对象dt = datetime.today()datetime.ctime(dt)datetime.strftime(dt, "%Y%m%d")days = timedelta(days=90, hours=3) # 常用dt2 = dt + daysdt2.yeardt2.monthdt2.daydt2.hour
import osos.getcwd() # 显示当前路径os.listdir() # ls -aos.listdir('/tmp') # ls -a /tmpos.mkdir('/tmp/mydemo') # mkdir /tmp/mydemoos.chdir('/tmp/mydemo') # cd /tmp/mydemoos.listdir()os.mknod('test.txt') # touch test.txtos.symlink('/etc/hosts', 'zhuji') # ln -s /etc/hosts zhujios.path.isfile('test.txt') # 判断 test.txt 是不是文件os.path.islink('zhuji') # 判断 zhuji 是不是软链接os.path.isdir('/etc')os.path.exists('/tmp') # 判断是否存在os.path.basename('/tmp/abc/aaa.txt')os.path.dirname('/tmp/abc/aaa.txt')os.path.split('/tmp/abc/aaa.txt')os.path.join('/home/tom', 'xyz.txt')os.path.abspath('test.txt') # 返回当前目录 test.txt 的绝对路径
import pickle"""以前的文件写入,只能写入字符串,如果希望把任意数据对象(数字、列表等)写入文件,取出来的时候数据类型不变,就用到 pickle 了"""# shop_list = ["eggs", "apple", "peach"]# with open('/tmp/shop.data', 'wb') as fobj:# pickle.dump(shop_list, fobj)with open('/tmp/shop.data', 'rb') as fobj: mylist = pickle.load(fobj)print(mylist[0], mylist[1], mylist[2])
try: # 把有可能发生异常的语句放到 try 里执行 n = int(input("number: ")) result = 100 / n print(result)except ValueError: print('invalid number')except ZeroDivisionError: print('0 not allowed')except KeyboardInterrupt: print('Bye-bye')except EOFError: print('Bye-bye')print('Done')
try: n = int(input("number: ")) result = 100 / nexcept (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError): print('invalid number')except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError): print('\nBye-bye')else: print(result) # 异常不发生时才执行 else 子句finally: print('Done') # 不管异常是否发生都必须执行的语句# 常用形式有 try-except 和 try-finally
来源地址:https://blog.csdn.net/zea408497299/article/details/125238327
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本文标题: Python 入门的60个基础练习
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