浅谈Rust += 运算符与 MIR 应用

use std::ops::{Add, AddAssign};

fn main() {
    let mut s = S;
    s += (); // ok
    s = s + (); // error: expected struct `S`, found `()`
}

struct S;

impl Add<()> for S {
    type Output = ();
    fn add(self, _: ()) { }
}

impl AddAssign<()> for S {
    fn add_assign(&mut self, _: ()) { }
}

pub trait Add<Rhs = Self> {
    type Output;

    fn add(self, rhs: Rhs) -> Self::Output;
}

pub trait AddAssign<Rhs = Self> {
    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: Rhs);
}

*{
    print!("lhs ");
    &mut 0
} += {
    print!("rhs ");
    0
};

*{
    print!("lhs ");
    &mut String::from("a")
} += {
    print!("rhs ");
    "b"
};

# let (mut a, mut b);

(a, b) = (3, 4); // 从右到左：先计算等号右侧的 (3, 4)，再赋值给等号左侧的 (a, b)

// 脱糖为

{
    let (_a, _b) = (3, 4); // 解构赋值过程中，从左到右
    a = _a; // 先赋值给解构模式左边的 a
    b = _b; // 再赋值给解构模式右边的 b
}

// 等号两侧的类型都为 `i32`，它是 primitive type，所以从右到左计算，打印 `rhs lhs `
*{
    print!("lhs ");
    &mut 0
} += {
    print!("rhs ");
    0
};

// 等号左右的类型为 `String` 和 `&str`，都不是 primitive type，所以从左到右计算，打印 `lhs rhs `
*{
    print!("lhs ");
    &mut String::from("a")
} += {
    print!("rhs ");
    "b"
};

use std::num::Wrapping;

Macro_rules! add_assign {
    ($e1:expr, $e2:expr) => {
        *({print!("lhs "); &mut $e1}) += {print!("rhs "); $e2};
        println!("");
    }
}

fn main() {
    add_assign!(1, 2); // rhs lhs: both operands are primitives
    add_assign!(1, &2); // lhs rhs: Rhs &i32 is not a direct primitive
    add_assign!(String::new(), ""); // lhs rhs: neither operands are primitives
    add_assign!(Wrapping(1), Wrapping(2)); // lhs rhs: neither operands are primitives
    // So usually the execution order of `+=` is LTR (left-to-right)
}

// 去除了无关和冗杂的 print!，将这段代码复制到 play.rust-lang.org 查看 MIR
*{ &mut 0 } += 0;
*{ &mut String::from("a") } += "b";

struct S;
impl std::ops::AddAssign<&()> for S {
    fn add_assign(&mut self, _: &()) {}
}

fn main() {
    let mut s = S;
    let rrrrrr = &&&&&&();
    s += rrrrrr;
}

bb0: {
    _6 = const _;
    _4 = &mut _1;
    _7 = deref_copy (*_2);
    _8 = deref_copy (*_7);
    _9 = deref_copy (*_8);
    _10 = deref_copy (*_9);
    _11 = deref_copy (*_10);
    _5 = _11;
    _3 = <S as AddAssign<&()>>::add_assign(move _4, move _5) -> bb1;
}

struct S;
impl std::ops::AddAssign<()> for S {
    fn add_assign(&mut self, _: ()) {}
}
impl std::ops::AddAssign<&()> for S {
    fn add_assign(&mut self, _: &()) {}
}

fn main() {
    let mut s = S;
    let rrrrrr = &&&&&&();
    s += rrrrrr;
}

// error[E0277]: cannot add-assign `&&&&&&()` to `S`
//   --> src/main.rs:12:7
//    |
// 12 |     s += rrrrrr;
//    |       ^^ no implementation for `S += &&&&&&()`
//    |
//    = help: the trait `AddAssign<&&&&&&()>` is not implemented for `S`
//    = help: the following other types implement trait `AddAssign<Rhs>`:
//              <S as AddAssign<&()>>
//              <S as AddAssign<()>>

struct S;
impl std::ops::AddAssign<()> for S {
    fn add_assign(&mut self, _: ()) {}
}
impl S {
    fn no_op(&self) {}
}

fn main() {
    let mut s = S;
    s += s.no_op();
}

bb0: { // reservation 阶段
    _3 = &mut _1; // 两阶段借用的第三种前提：重载的复合赋值运算符中隐式的 `&mut T`
    _5 = &_1;     // `&mut T` 暂时被视为 `&T`，从而允许在此处使用 `&T`
    _4 = S::no_op(move _5) -> bb1;
}
bb1: { // activated 阶段
    _2 = <S as AddAssign<()>>::add_assign(move _3, move _4) -> bb2;
}

fn main() {
    let mut v = Vec::from([0, 1]); // 为了让 MIR 精简，故意不使用 vec![0, 1]
    v[0] += v[1]; // 第一步：i32 += i32
}

// 两侧为 primitive types， RTL: <i32 as Add<i32>>::add_assign(&mut v[0], v[1])
// 1. 计算 v[1]：对它脱糖 `<Vec<i32> as Index<usize>>::index(&v, 1)` 得到 `&i32`，然后解引用得到 `i32` 
// 2. 计算 &mut v[0]：对它脱糖 `<Vec<i32> as IndexMut<usize>>::index_mut(&mut v, 0)` 得到 `&mut i32`
// 可以看到先使用了 `&v`，再使用了 `&mut v`，通过借用检查

// 仅列出 MIR 中的重点
// let mut _1: std::vec::Vec<i32>;
// bb1: {
//     _5 = &_1;
//     _4 = <Vec<i32> as Index<usize>>::index(move _5, const 1_usize) -> [return: bb2, unwind: bb6];
// }
// bb2: {
//     _3 = (*_4);
//     _7 = &mut _1;
//     _6 = <Vec<i32> as IndexMut<usize>>::index_mut(move _7, const 0_usize) -> [return: bb3, unwind: bb6];
// }
// bb3: {
//     _8 = CheckedAdd((*_6), _3);
//     assert(!move (_8.1: bool), "attempt to compute `{} + {}`, which would overflow", (*_6), move _3) -> [success: bb4, unwind: bb6];
// }
// bb4: {
//     (*_6) = move (_8.0: i32);
//     drop(_1) -> bb5;
// }

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct MyNum(i32);

impl std::ops::AddAssign for MyNum {
    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: MyNum) {
        *self = MyNum(self.0 + rhs.0)
    }
}

fn main() {
    let mut b = vec![MyNum(0), MyNum(1)];
    let v = b.as_mut_slice();
    v[0] += v[1]; // MyNum += MyNum
}

// LTR: <MyNum as Add<MyNum>>::add_assign(&mut v[0], v[1])
// 1. 计算 &mut v[0]：获取和维持对第 0 元素的独占引用，但只进入 reservation 阶段，将 &mut 视为 &，从而继续使用切片
// 2. 计算 v[1]：在 `&mut v[0]` 的第一阶段，通过 `*_10` 和索引拷贝 MyNum
// 3. 调用方法，`&mut v[0]` 进入 activated 阶段

// 仅列出 MIR 中的重点
// let mut _1: std::vec::Vec<MyNum>;
// bb2: {
//     _11 = &mut _1;
//     _10 = Vec::<MyNum>::as_mut_slice(move _11) -> [return: bb3, unwind: bb8];
// }
// bb3: { // 索引前进行了边界检查
//     _14 = const 0_usize;
//     _15 = Len((*_10));
//     _16 = Lt(_14, _15);
//     assert(move _16, "index out of bounds: the length is {} but the index is {}", move _15, _14) -> [success: bb4, unwind: bb8];
// }
// bb4: {
//     _13 = &mut (*_10)[_14]; // 获取 &mut v[0]，进入 reservation 阶段
//     _18 = const 1_usize; // 索引前进行了边界检查
//     _19 = Len((*_10));
//     _20 = Lt(_18, _19);
//     assert(move _20, "index out of bounds: the length is {} but the index is {}", move _19, _18) -> [success: bb5, unwind: bb8];
// }
// bb5: {
//     _17 = (*_10)[_18]; // 计算 v[1]
//     _12 = <MyNum as AddAssign>::add_assign(move _13, move _17) -> [return: bb6, unwind: bb8]; // activated 阶段
// }

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct MyNum(i32);

impl std::ops::AddAssign for MyNum {
    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: MyNum) {
        *self = MyNum(self.0 + rhs.0)
    }
}

fn main() {
    let mut b = vec![MyNum(0), MyNum(1)];
    b[0] += b[1];
}

error[E0502]: cannot borrow `b` as immutable because it is also borrowed as mutable
  --> src/main.rs:12:13
   |
12 |     b[0] += b[1];
   |     --------^---
   |     |       |
   |     |       immutable borrow occurs here
   |     mutable borrow occurs here
   |     mutable borrow later used here
   |
help: try adding a local storing this...
  --> src/main.rs:12:13
   |
12 |     b[0] += b[1];
   |             ^^^^
help: ...and then using that local here
  --> src/main.rs:12:5
   |
12 |     b[0] += b[1];
   |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^

// 仅列出关键部分
bb4: {
    _13 = &mut _1;
    _12 = <Vec<MyNum> as IndexMut<usize>>::index_mut(move _13, const 0_usize) -> [return: bb5, unwind: bb9];
}
bb5: {
    _11 = &mut (*_12);
    StorageDead(_13);
    StorageLive(_14);
    StorageLive(_15);
    StorageLive(_16);
    _16 = &_1;
    _15 = <Vec<MyNum> as Index<usize>>::index(move _16, const 1_usize) -> [return: bb6, unwind: bb9];
}
bb6: {
    _14 = (*_15);
    StorageDead(_16);
    _10 = <MyNum as AddAssign>::add_assign(move _11, move _14) -> [return: bb7, unwind: bb9];
}

// b[0] += b[1] on &mut [MyNum]

_10 = Vec::<MyNum>::as_mut_slice(move _11) // _10: &mut [MyNum]

_13 = &mut (*_10)[_14]; // two-phase
_17 = (*_10)[_18];      // reservation 阶段

_12 = <MyNum as AddAssign>::add_assign(move _13, move _17) // activated 阶段

// b[0] += b[1] on Vec<MyNum>

_13 = &mut _1; // _1: Vec<MyNum>
_12 = <Vec<MyNum> as IndexMut<usize>>::index_mut(move _13, const 0_usize) // _13: &mut Vec<MyNum>, _12: &mut MyNum
_11 = &mut (*_12); // reborrow

_16 = &_1;
_15 = <Vec<MyNum> as Index<usize>>::index(move _16, const 1_usize) // _16: &Vec<MyNum>, _15: &mut MyNum
_14 = (*_15);

_10 = <MyNum as AddAssign>::add_assign(move _11, move _14)