目录系列教程一、sql语言的简介和规范二、数据库操作1、创建库2、删除库3、查看数据库列表三、表操作1、创建表2、修改表3、删除表4、查看表四、DML: 数据操作语言1、INSERT
Mysql系列之开篇 mysql关系型数据库基础概念
MySQL系列之一 MariaDB-server安装
MySQL系列之二 多实例配置
MySQL系列之三 基础篇
MySQL系列之五 视图、存储函数、存储过程、触发器
MySQL系列之六 用户与授权
MySQL系列之七 MySQL存储引擎
MySQL系列之八 MySQL服务器变量
MySQL系列之九 mysql查询缓存及索引
MySQL系列之十 MySQL事务隔离实现并发控制
MySQL系列之十一 日志记录
MySQL系列之十二 备份与恢复
MySQL系列之十三 MySQL的复制
MySQL系列之十四 MySQL的高可用实现
MySQL系列之十五 MySQL常用配置和性能压力测试
是一种特定目的程序语言,用于管理关系数据库管理系统(RDBMS),或在关系流数据管理系统(RDSMS)中进行流处理。
SQL语言的规范
数据库对象的命名规则
- 必须以字母开头
- 可包括数字和三个特殊字符(# _ $)
- 不要使用MySQL的保留字
- 同一database(Schema)下的对象不能同名
SQL语句的分类
DDL: Data Defination Language 数据定义语言
- CREATE, DROP, ALTER
DML: Data Manipulation Language 数据操作语言
- INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE
DCL:Data Control Language 数据控制语言
- GRANT, REVOKE
DQL:Data Query Language 数据查询语言
- SELECT
CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] db_name; 创建数据库
CHARACTER SET 'character set name' 设置字符集类型
COLLATE 'collate name' 设置排序规则
查看支持所有字符集:SHOW CHARACTER SET;
查看支持所有排序规则:SHOW COLLATION;
MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS testdb;
我不会
SHOW DATABASES;
方法一: 直接创建
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name (create_definition,...)
MariaDB [testdb]> CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students (id TINYINT UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,phone CHAR(11),gender ENUM('M','F'));
方法二: 通过查询现存表创建;新表会被直接插入查询而来的数据
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name select_statement
MariaDB [testdb]> CREATE TABLE user SELECT user,host,passWord FROM mysql.user;
如果只想模仿查询旧表创建一个无记录的表我们可以加入条件 WHERE 0=1;
MariaDB [testdb]> CREATE TABLE user2 SELECT user,host,password FROM mysql.user WHERE 0=1;
方法三: 通过复制现存的表的表结构创建,但不复制数据
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name LIKE old_tbl_name
MariaDB [testdb]> CREATE TABLE user3 LIKE mysql.user;
ALTER TABLE tbl_name [alter_specification [, alter_specification] ...]
增加属性 ADD
MariaDB [testdb]> ALTER TABLE students ADD age TINYINT AFTER name;
删除属性 DROP
MariaDB [testdb]> ALTER TABLE students DROP phone;
修改属性 CHANGE, MODIFY
MariaDB [testdb]> ALTER TABLE students CHANGE age ages TINYINT(2) NOT NULL;
MariaDB [testdb]> ALTER TABLE students MODIFY gender ENUM('M','F');
MariaDB [testdb]> DROP TABLE user3;
SHOW TABLES; 列出库中所有的表
DESC [db_name.]tb_name; 查看表结构
SHOW CREATE TABLE tbl_name; 查看创建表的命令
SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'tbl_name'; 查看表状态
SHOW TABLE STATUS FROM db_name; 查看指定库中所有表状态
SHOW ENGINES; 查看所有存储引擎
MariaDB [testdb]> DESC students; #示例表
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(30) | NO | | NULL | |
| ages | tinyint(2) | NO | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
单条记录插入
INSERT INTO tb_name (col1,col2,...) VALUES (val1,val2,...);
MariaDB [testdb]> INSERT students(id,name,ages,gender) VALUES (1,'tom',26,'M');
MariaDB [testdb]> INSERT students(name,ages,gender) VALUES ('jerry',19,'M');
MariaDB [testdb]> INSERT students(name,ages,gender) VALUES ('maria',19,'M');
MariaDB [testdb]> INSERT students SET name='ouyangfeng',ages=56,gender='M';
多条记录插入
INSERT INTO tb_name (col1,col2,...) VALUES (val1,val2,...)[,(val1,val2,...),...];
MariaDB [testdb]> INSERT students(name,ages,gender) VALUES ('xiaolongnv',18,'F'),('dongfangbubai',28,'F');
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT * FROM students;
+----+---------------+------+--------+
| id | name | ages | gender |
+----+---------------+------+--------+
| 1 | tom | 26 | M |
| 2 | jerry | 19 | M |
| 3 | maria | 19 | M |
| 4 | xiaolongnv | 18 | F |
| 5 | dongfangbubai | 28 | F |
| 6 | ouyangfeng | 56 | M |
+----+---------------+------+--------+
从其他表查询数据保存到此表中
MariaDB [testdb]> ALTER TABLE students ADD address TEXT; #加个字段做测试用
MariaDB [testdb]> INSERT students(name,address) SELECT user,host FROM mysql.user;
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT * FROM students;
+----+---------------+------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | ages | gender | address |
+----+---------------+------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | tom | 26 | M | NULL |
| 2 | jerry | 19 | M | NULL |
| 3 | maria | 19 | M | NULL |
| 4 | xiaolongnv | 18 | F | NULL |
| 5 | dongfangbubai | 28 | F | NULL |
| 6 | ouyangfeng | 56 | M | NULL |
| 7 | root | 0 | NULL | 127.0.0.1 |
| 8 | root | 0 | NULL | ::1 |
| 9 | | 0 | NULL | Centos7 |
| 10 | root | 0 | NULL | centos7 |
| 11 | | 0 | NULL | localhost |
| 12 | root | 0 | NULL | localhost |
+----+---------------+------+--------+-----------+
UPDATE tbl_name SET col1=value1,col2=value2,... WHERE col=value;
MariaDB [testdb]> UPDATE students SET gender='F' WHERE id=3;
MariaDB [testdb]> DELETE FROM students WHERE name=''; #删除名字为空的记录
MariaDB [testdb]> TRUNCATE TABLE user; #情况表记录
注意:一定要有限制条件(WHERE | LIMIT),否则将修改所有行的指定字段
1、选择
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT * FROM students WHERE name='maria'; #查询maria的信息
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT * FROM students WHERE id BETWEEN 2 AND 5; #查询2到5号学生的信息
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT * FROM students WHERE name IN ('jerry','xiaolongnv'); #查询jerry和xiaolongnv的信息
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT * FROM students WHERE gender IS NOT NULL; #查询年龄不为空的信息
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT * FROM students WHERE name LIKE '%o%'; #查询姓名中包含'o'的信息
2、投影
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT user AS 用户,host AS 主机,password AS 密码 FROM mysql.user;
3、分组
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT gender,AVG(ages) FROM students GROUP BY gender; #查询男生、女生年龄的平均值
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT gender,AVG(ages) FROM students GROUP BY gender HAVING gender='M'; #只显示男生的平均年龄信息
4、排序
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY ages DESC; #按年龄排序,倒序显示
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT * FROM students WHERE ages > 0 ORDER BY ages LIMIT 3; #按年龄排序,过滤年龄大于0的,正序排序,取前三条记录
为了练习,我们将表在扩展一下
MariaDB [testdb]> DELETE FROM students WHERE id BETWEEN 7 AND 12;
MariaDB [testdb]> CREATE TABLE score (id TINYINT(2) UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,score TINYINT(3));
MariaDB [testdb]> ALTER TABLE students ADD sid TINYINT(2);
MariaDB [testdb]> UPDATE students SET sid=6 WHERE id=6;
MariaDB [testdb]> INSERT score SET score=87;
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT * FROM students;
+----+---------------+------+--------+---------+------+
| id | name | ages | gender | address | sid |
+----+---------------+------+--------+---------+------+
| 1 | tom | 26 | M | NULL | 1 |
| 2 | jerry | 19 | M | NULL | 2 |
| 3 | maria | 19 | F | NULL | 3 |
| 4 | xiaolongnv | 18 | F | NULL | 4 |
| 5 | dongfangbubai | 28 | F | NULL | 5 |
| 6 | ouyangfeng | 56 | M | NULL | 6 |
+----+---------------+------+--------+---------+------+
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT * FROM score;
+----+-------+
| id | score |
+----+-------+
| 1 | 99 |
| 2 | 98 |
| 3 | 88 |
| 4 | 68 |
| 5 | 78 |
| 6 | 87 |
+----+-------+
JOIN ON:交叉连接
INNER JOIN ON:内连接
LEFT OUTER JOIN ON:左外连接
RIGHT OUTER JOIN ON:右外连接
UNION ON:完全外连接
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT * FROM students AS s,score AS o WHERE s.sid=o.id; #俩张表取交集
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT * FROM students JOIN score;
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT t.name,s.score FROM students AS t INNER JOIN score AS s ON t.sid=s.id;
+---------------+-------+
| name | score |
+---------------+-------+
| tom | 99 |
| jerry | 98 |
| maria | 88 |
| xiaolongnv | 68 |
| dongfangbubai | 78 |
| ouyangfeng | 87 |
+---------------+-------+
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT t.name,s.score FROM students AS t LEFT JOIN score AS s ON t.sid=s.id; #左外连接
+---------------+-------+
| name | score |
+---------------+-------+
| tom | 99 |
| jerry | 98 |
| maria | 88 |
| xiaolongnv | 68 |
| dongfangbubai | 78 |
| ouyangfeng | 87 |
+---------------+-------+
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT * FROM students AS t RIGHT JOIN score AS s ON t.sid=s.id; #右外连接
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT name,address FROM students
-> UNION
-> SELECT user,host FROM mysql.user;
+---------------+-----------+
| name | address |
+---------------+-----------+
| tom | NULL |
| jerry | NULL |
| maria | NULL |
| xiaolongnv | NULL |
| dongfangbubai | NULL |
| ouyangfeng | NULL |
| root | 127.0.0.1 |
| root | ::1 |
| | centos7 |
| root | centos7 |
| | localhost |
| root | localhost |
+---------------+-----------+
MariaDB [testdb]> ALTER TABLE students ADD tid TINYINT(2); #再加一个tid字段
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT * FROM students;
+----+---------------+------+--------+---------+------+------+
| id | name | ages | gender | address | sid | tid |
+----+---------------+------+--------+---------+------+------+
| 1 | tom | 26 | M | NULL | 1 | 2 |
| 2 | jerry | 19 | M | NULL | 2 | 1 |
| 3 | maria | 19 | F | NULL | 3 | 4 |
| 4 | xiaolongnv | 18 | F | NULL | 4 | 5 |
| 5 | dongfangbubai | 28 | F | NULL | 5 | 4 |
| 6 | ouyangfeng | 56 | M | NULL | 6 | 4 |
+----+---------------+------+--------+---------+------+------+
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT s1.name AS studentname,s2.name AS teachername FROM students AS s1 INNER JOIN students AS s2 ON s1.id=s2.tid;
+---------------+---------------+
| studentname | teachername |
+---------------+---------------+
| jerry | tom |
| tom | jerry |
| xiaolongnv | maria |
| dongfangbubai | xiaolongnv |
| xiaolongnv | dongfangbubai |
| xiaolongnv | ouyangfeng |
+---------------+---------------+
子查询:在查询语句嵌套着查询语句,性能较差,基于某语句的查询结果再次进行的查询
1、用在WHERE子句中的子查询
用于比较表达式中的子查询;子查询仅能返回单个值
MariaDB [testdb]> SELECT name,ages FROM students WHERE ages > (SELECT AVG(ages) FROM students); #查询大于平均年龄的同学
用于IN中的子查询:子查询应该单键查询并返回一个或多个值从构成列表
2、用于FROM子句中的子查询
SELECT tb_alias.col1,... FROM (SELECT clause) AS tb_alias WHERE Clause;
选择正确的数据类型对于获得高性能至关重要,三大原则:
精确数值
近似数值
定长
- CHAR(不区分大小写)255
- BINARY(区分大小写)
变长
TEXT(不区分大小写)
BLOB(区分大小写)
ENUM 枚举 65535种变化
SET 集合 1-64个字符串,可以随意组合
参考官方文档:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/data-types.html
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本文标题: MySQL系列之四 SQL语法
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